Landmine threat in Azerbaijan’s liberated territories: Risks and recovery

Hundreds of thousands of landmines and explosive remnants of war remain buried across these areas, posing a constant danger to civilians and slowing reconstruction efforts. The issue extends beyond security concerns — it also has serious social, economic and psychological consequences. The presence of landmines delays infrastructure projects, hampers agricultural development and complicates the safe return of former internally displaced persons (IDPs) to their homes.

A significant challenge in addressing the problem has been the lack of complete and accurate minefield maps. In many cases, the information provided has proven inconsistent with the actual situation on the ground, complicating clearance operations and increasing risks for demining personnel. As a result, both civilians and service members have fallen victim to landmine explosions.

The human toll has been particularly severe among civilians. Returning residents, construction workers and public sector employees working in the liberated territories frequently face direct exposure to mine hazards. Beyond the immediate tragedy for families, these incidents have left deep psychological scars on society as a whole.

Many survivors of landmine explosions suffer lifelong disabilities, highlighting the need for sustained social protection measures, medical rehabilitation services and psychological support programs. While the state has implemented various assistance initiatives, the full reintegration of victims into society requires a comprehensive, long-term strategy.

At the same time, the landmine threat directly affects the pace of reconstruction and economic revival. The Azerbaijani government has launched large-scale restoration projects in the liberated territories, including the development of infrastructure under “smart village” and “smart city” concepts, as well as the construction of roads, airports and residential complexes. However, no construction or agricultural activity can begin until land has been thoroughly surveyed and cleared — a process that demands significant time, expertise and financial resources.

Consequently, the return of former IDPs is being conducted in phases, prioritizing areas that have been declared safe. Demining operations remain a prerequisite for sustainable development and population resettlement.

Globally, landmine contamination is a long-standing humanitarian issue that continues to affect countries long after conflicts end. Azerbaijan is actively cooperating with international organizations and partners to secure financial and technical assistance, while also drawing on global best practices in mine action.

The issue also carries legal and political dimensions. Under international humanitarian law, the accurate documentation and disclosure of minefield locations are critical for protecting civilian lives. In this regard, the provision of reliable mine maps is not merely a technical matter but an issue of humanitarian responsibility.

Eliminating the landmine threat in the liberated territories is therefore a strategic national priority. The objective extends beyond removing physical hazards — it is about enabling the safe, dignified and sustainable return of people to their ancestral lands.

Once fully cleared, the Karabakh and East Zangezur economic regions hold significant potential for agriculture, tourism and industrial development. Their revitalization could make a substantial contribution to Azerbaijan’s overall economic growth. However, ensuring security remains the fundamental precondition for unlocking this potential.

In conclusion, the landmine threat stands as one of the most serious challenges Azerbaijan faces in the aftermath of the conflict. Through coordinated efforts by state institutions, international partners and civil society, steady progress can be achieved. Each hectare of land cleared represents not only the removal of danger, but also the restoration of hope, livelihoods and future opportunities. The complete elimination of landmine contamination will play a crucial role in strengthening long-term peace, stability and development in the region.